miércoles, 17 de junio de 2015
Capitulo V - Procesos Básicos de Fabricación y Montaje en Taller
Las operaciones básicas se pueden agrupar en: trazado y corte, empalme, enderezado, taladrado, armado, soldadura, repasos y pintura. • Trazado y corte: el trazado es la fase preparatoria del corte, si el corte es recto se controla mediante topes, en el caso de cortes con forma se suelen realizar por control numérico o con fotocélulas que siguen figuras trazadas a escala o tamaña natural. Sistemas de corte para perfiles: - Sierras circulares de disco abrasivo. - Sierras circulares de disco metálico de alta velocidad (fig. 9) o baja velocidad (fig. 10 y 11).
- Oxicorte: se aplica en todos los cortes con forma, pero su uso en perfiles es
complicado.
Sistemas de corte para chapas:
- Guillotina: para troceo de chapas pequeñas y finas (e < 15 mm).
- Oxicorte: es el método más usado, se realiza con soplete manual, carros
portátiles (fig. 12), bancos de corte recto (fig. 13) o en bancos de corte con
forma (fig. 14)
Enderezado:
Se usa para corregir deformaciones en perfiles o chapas debidas al
almacenaje, transporte, fabricación, deformación por calor, empalmes ... Se
puede realizar por conformación mecánica o térmica. Los mejores resultados se
obtienen en frío con prensa o trenes de rodillos (fig. 15).
Plegado:
Se aplica a chapas planas con prensas, y puede ser a fondo con
espesores bajos o al aire con espesores medios y altos:
Se deben respetar unos radios mínimos y el plegado debe realizarse en dirección
perpendicular a las fibras de laminación para evitar la aparición de fisuras:
Curvado:
Por medio de sistemas de 3 o 4 cilindros.
Punzonado y taladrado:
Para la apertura de tornillos. El problema básico es un
trazado que garantice la precisión de las posiciones de ejes. Los sistemas básicos
son el perforado simultáneo o los equipos automáticos de trazado y perforado
(fig. 20, 21 y 22).
Armado o ensamblado:
Operación de unir piezas semielaboradas para
conformar una unidad de envío a obra. El armado puede ser desde una operación
muy sencilla como colocar cartelas o rigidizadores, a una operación muy
compleja en la que se unan perfiles y chapas con múltiples soldaduras. Entre los
sistemas automáticos destacan los equipos de ejecución de vigas armadas
(fig.23, 24 y 25)
Imágenes 1 a 8: extraídas de “Estructuras Metálicas” de Quintero, F. & Cudós, V.
Imágenes 9 a 25: extraídas de “Manuales sobre la Construcción con Acero” de Ensidesa.
Capitulo IV - Productos Siderúrgicos
Tipos de productos siderúrgicos y características.
• Perfiles laminados en caliente:
Son los más usados en construcción, se agrupan en
series por la forma y características de su sección transversal. En las figuras 2 y 3
aparecen los más habituales.
- IPN: perfil en doble T normal. Se usa fundamentalmente en piezas
El Acero en la Construcción.
- IPE: perfil en doble T europeo. Análogo la perfil IPN, pero a igualdad de peso tiene
mayores inercias, radios de giro y módulos resistentes que los IPN.
- HE: perfiles en doble T de ala ancha. Hay tres series:
- HEB serie normal.
HEA serie ligera.
- HEM serie pesada.
Las tres series se diferencian por los espesores de alas y alma, siendo máximos en
la serie pesada. En las tres series el ancho de ala y el canto son similares hasta un
canto de 300 mm; para cantos mayores el ancho de ala es igual a 300 mm. Se
utilizan sobre todo como elementos comprimidos, aunque también es habitual usar
la serie HEA en elementos a flexión.
- UPN: sección en U normal. Sus características resistentes son similares a las de un
IPE, pero se usan poco como piezas flectadas por no coincidir el CEC con el CDG,
en cambio son adecuados a compresió En estructuras de edificación son clásicos los
soportes de 2 UPN empresillados.
- U: sección en U comercial. Similar al UPN.
- L: angular de alas iguales. Se emplean casi exclusivamente en piezas sometidas a
esfuerzos axiles tales como celosías, arriostramientos, ...
- LD: angular de lados desiguales.
- T: perfil con forma de T que está en desuso, usándose media IPE o dos angulares
apareados.
- Chapas: producto laminado plano de ancho superior a 600 mm y espesor variable.
Se usan para construir elementos estructurales de gran importancia, tales como
vigas o soportes armados de grandes dimensiones, puentes, depósitos, ..., o bien
elementos secundarios como presillas, cartelas, rigidizadores, ... Puede ser estriada
en una de sus caras para ser utilizada como piso en construcciones industriales.
- Otros: perfil macizo redondo, cuadrado, rectangular, hexagonal, ...
- Perfiles huecos: sección circular, cuadrada, rectangular o elíptica.
En las figuras 4 y 5 aparecen distintos elementos de las construcciones metálicas.
Perfiles conformados en frío (estructuras ligeras de acero):
Se fabrican mediante
plegadoras o conformadoras de rodillo en frío a partir de chapas finas de acero
(espesores entre 0.3 y 6 mm), con o sin soldadura. En las figuras 6, 7 y 8 se
esquematiza su fabricación y aparecen los dos tipos básicos.
• Barras: pueden ser perfiles L, U, C, Z, Omega, tubos abiertos y tubos cerrados
huecos (circulares, cuadrados, rectangulares y elípticos). Los perfiles abiertos se
suelen usar como piezas flectadas y los cerrados como comprimidas.
• Paneles: se usan en cubiertas, soportes de piso (junto a una base de hormigón,
trabajando como elemento resistente o sólo como encofrado perdido) y
elementos de pared. Se suelen fabricar con chapa galvanizada, pueden ir
pintados y se recubren con aislamiento térmico y acústico (poliuretano
expandido, ...).
Otros productos:
• Piezas moldeadas para apoyos.
• Raíles.
• Apoyos elastoméricos.
• Cables (puentes atirantados y colgantes, cubiertas de grandes luces, ...).
• Elementos de unión: en frío (tornillos y pernos) y en caliente (remaches y
soldadura). Los tornillos más comunes son los de las clases indicados en la
Tabla 2. Tornillos especiales son los de cabeza avellanada, los calibrados y los
de inyección. El empleo de roblones como medio de unión ha caído totalmente
en desuso
Aceros para Estructuras
Tipos de aceros para estructuras.
Los aceros considerados en el Código Técnico son los laminados en caliente (UNE EN 10025-2:2002, UNE EN 10210-1:1994) y los conformados en frío (UNE EN 10219- 1:1998).
En el Documento 0 de la Instrucción EAE se contempla una mayor variedad al considerar:
- Aceros laminados en caliente.
Se entiende por tales los aceros no aleados, sin características especiales de resistencia mecánica ni resistencia a la corrosión, y con una microestructura normal.
- Aceros con características especiales:
a. aceros normalizados (N). Alta soldabilidad y alta resiliencia.
b. aceros de laminado termomecánico (M). Alta soldabilidad y alta resiliencia.
c. aceros con resistencia mejorada a la corrosión atmosférica (aceros autopatinables) (W). Son aceros aleados con cobre que al ser expuestos a la acción atmosférica forman en la superficie una película fina de óxido altamente adherente que impide la penetración de la corrosión.
d. aceros templados y revenidos (Q). Elevado límite elástico.
e. aceros con resistencia mejorada a la deformación en la dirección perpendicular a la superficie del producto (Z). Mejora el comportamiento frente al desgarro laminar.
- Aceros conformados en frío (H).
Se entiende por tales los aceros cuyo proceso de fabricación consiste en un conformado en frío, que les confiere unas características específicas desde los puntos de vista de la sección y la resistencia mecánica. Necesariamente los espesores serán reducidos.
Los tipos de acero más comunes son: S235, S275, S355 y S450, siendo sus posibles grados: JR, J0, J2 y K2, donde el número significa el límite elástico en Mpa (N/mm2 ) y el grado indica la resiliencia exigida. Las características mecánicas mínimas dependen del espesor del producto y son las indicadas en la Tabla 1 (CTE). Podrán emplearse otros aceros si se garantiza que tienen ductilidad suficiente y resiliencia y soldabilidad adecuadas.
En la Tabla 2 se resumen las características mecánicas mínimas de los aceros de los
tornillos normalizados. Se denominan tornillos de alta resistencia los de clases 8.8 y
10.9.
Normativa Acero - Internacionales
Normas Internacionales
AASHTO
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
| BVCS-1 | Guide Specifications for Bridges Vulnerable to Coastal Storms |
| BWC-5-I1 | AASHTO/AWS D1.5M/D1.5:2008 Bridge Welding Code, 2009 AASHTO Interim |
| GHC-4 | AASHTO Guide Specifications for Horizontally Curved Steel Girder Highway Bridges with Design Examples for I-Girder and Box-Girder Bridges |
| GSDPB-2 | LRFD Guide Specifications for Design of Pedestrian Bridges, 2nd Edition |
| GSID-3 | Guide Specifications for Seismic Isolation Design, 3rd Edition |
| GSSB-1-I2 | Guide Specifications for Structural Design of Sound Barriers, 2002 Interim |
| GVCB-2-I1 | Guide Specifications and Commentary for Vessel Collision Design of Highway Bridges, 2nd Edition, 2010 Interim Revisions |
| HB-17 | Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges, 17th Edition |
| LRFDCONS-3-I1 | AASHTO LRFD Bridge Construction Specifications, 3rd Edition, 2010 Interim Revisions |
| LRFDMOV-2-I2 | AASHTO LRFD Movable Highway Bridge Design Specifications, 2010 Interim Revisions |
| LRFDSEIS-1-I1 | Guide Specifications for LRFD Seismic Bridge Design, 1st Edition, 2010 Interim Revisions |
| LTS-5-I1 | Standard Specifications for Structural Supports for Highway Signs, Luminaires, and Traffic Signals, 5th Edition, with 2010 Interim Revisions |
| M036 | Specification for Corrugated Steel Pipe, Metallic Coated for Sewers and Drains |
| M167 | Specification for Structural Plate, Zinc Coated, for Field Bolted Pipe, Pipe Arches, and Arches |
| M190 | Standard Specification for Bituminous-Coated Corrugated Metal Culvert Pipe and Pipe Arches |
| M243 | Specification for Field Applied Coating of Corrugated Metal Structural Plate for Pipe, Pipe Arches and Arches |
| MHB-5-M | Standard Specifications for Movable Highway Bridges, 5th Edition, with 1992, 1993, and 1995 Interims |
| NSBASBB-1-OL | Steel Bridge Bearing Design and Detailing Guidelines, 1st Edition, G 9.1 – 2004 |
| NSBASBCS-2 | Guide Specification for Application of Coating Systems with Zinc-Rich Primers to Steel Bridges, S 8.1 – 2006 |
| NSBASBEGS-1 | Steel Bridge Erection Guide Specification, S 10.1 – 2007 |
| NSBASBF-2-OL | Steel Bridge Fabrication Guide Specification, S 2.1 – 2008 |
AISC
American Institute of Steel Construction
| AISC 303-10 | Code of standard Practice for steel Building and Bridges |
| AISC 326-02 | Detailing for Steel Construction |
| ANSI/AISC 341-05 | Seismic Provisions for Structural Steel Buildings |
| ANSI/AISC 358-05 | Prequalified Connections for Special and Intermediate Steel Moment Frames for Seismic Applications |
| ANSI/AISC 360-05 | Specification for Structural Steel Buildings |
| ANSI/AISC N690-06 | Specification for Safety-Related Steel Structures for Nuclear Facilities |
| Steel Construction Manual, 13th Edition |
AISI
American Iron and Steel Institute
| S100-07 | Specifications for the Design of Cold Formed Structural Members |
| S110-07 | Standard for Seismic Design of Cold-Formed Steel Structural Systems – Special Bolted Moment Frames |
| S200-07 | Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing – General Provisions |
| S201-07 | Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing – Product Data |
| S211-07 | Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing – Wall Stud Design |
| S212-07 | Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing – Header Design |
| S213-07 | Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing – Lateral Design |
| S214-07 | Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing – Truss Design |
| S230-07 | Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing – Prescriptive Method for One and Two Family Dwellings |
| CF06-1 | Code of Standard Practice for Cold-Formed Steel Structural Framing |
ANSI
American National Standards Institute
| ANSI A10.13-89 | Steel Erection – Safety Requirements |
| ANSI B1.1-03 | Unified Inch Screw Threads |
| ANSI B18.22-08 | Square and Hex Nuts |
API
American Petroleum Institute
| API 650 | Welded Steel Tanks for Oil Storage |
| Spec 5L | Specification for Line Pipe |
ASCE
American Society of Civil Engineers
| ASCE 7-05 | Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures |
ASME
American Society of Mechanical Engineers
| ASME V | Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code |
| ASME IX | Welding and Brazing Qualifications |
| ASME B16.5 | Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings |
| ASME B31.11 | Slurry Transportation Piping Systems – ASME Code for Pressure Piping, B31 |
| ASME B31.3 | Process Piping – ASME Code for Pressure Piping, B31 |
| ASME B36.10 | Welded and Seamless Wrought Steel Pipe |
| ASME BPVC | ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code – Section IX |
ASTM
American Society for Testing and Materials
| A1-00 | Standard Specification for Carbon Steel Tie Rails |
| A6/A6M-09 | General Requirements for Rolled Structural Steel Bars Plates, Shapes, and Sheet Piling |
| A29/A29M-05 | Standard Specification for Steel Bars, Carbon and Alloy, Hot-Wrought, General Requirements for |
| A36/A36M-08 | Standard Specification for Carbon Structural Steel |
| A48 | Standard Specification for Gray Iron Castings |
| A53/A53M-07 | Standard Specification for Pipe, Steel, Black and Hot-Dipped, Zinc Coated, Welded and Seamless |
| A105 | Carbon Steel Forgings for Piping Applications |
| A108-07 | Standard Specification for Steel Bar, Carbon and Alloy, Cold Finished |
| A123/A123M-09 | Standard Specification for Zinc (Hot-Dipped Galvanized) Coatings in Iron and Steel Products |
| A143/A143M-07 | Standard Practice for Safeguarding Against Embrittlement of Hot-Dip Galvanized Structural Steel Products and Procedure for Detecting Embrittlement |
| A153/A153M-09 | Standard Specification for Coatings (Hot-Dip) on Iron and Steel Hardware (AASHTO N° M232) |
| A185-07 | Standard Specification for Steel Welded Wire Reinforcement, Plain, for Concrete |
| A193/A193M-10a | Standard Specification for Alloy-Steel and Stainless Steel Bolting for High Temperature or High Pressure Service and Other Special Purpose Applications |
| A194/A194M-10 | Standard Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Nuts for Bolts for High Pressure or High Temperature Service, or Both |
| A216/A216M-08 | Standard Specification for Steel Castings, Carbon, Suitable for Fusion Welding, for High-Temperature Service |
| A242/A242M-04(2009) | Standard Specification for High-Strength Low-Alloy Structural Steel |
| A283/A283M-03(2007) | Standard Specification for Low and Intermediate Tensile Strength Carbon Steel Plates |
| A307-07b | Standard Specification for Carbon Steel Bolts and Studs, 60 000 psi Tensile Strength |
| A325-09a | Standard Specification for Structural Bolts, Steel. Heat Treated, 120/105 ksi Minimum Tensile Strength |
| A354-07a | Standard Specification for Quenched and Tempered Alloy Steel Bolts, Studs, and Other Externally Threaded Fasteners |
| A370-10 | Standard Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing of Steel Products |
| A384/A384M-07 | Standard Practice for Safeguarding Against Warpage and Distortion During Hot-Dip Galvanizing of Steel Assemblies |
| A385/A385M-09 | Standard Practice for Providing High-Quality Zinc Coating (Hot-Dip) |
| A435/A435M-90(2007) | Standard Specification for Straight-Beam Ultrasonic Examination of Steel Plates |
| A449-10 | Standard Specification for Hex Cap Screws, Bolts and Studs, Steel, Heat Treated, 120/105/90 ksi Minimum Tensile Strength, General Use |
| A490-09 | Standard Specification for Structural Bolts, Alloy Steel, Heat Treated, 150 ksi Minimum Tensile Strength |
| A500/A500M-09 | Standard Specification for Cold Formed Welded and Seamless Carbon Steel Structural Tubing in Rounds and Shapes |
| A501-07 | Standard Specification for Hot-Formed Welded and Seamless Carbon Steel Structural Tubing |
| A514/A514M-05(2009) | Standard Specification for High-Yield-Strength, Quenched and Tempered Alloy Steel Plate, Suitable for Welding |
| A529/A529M-05(2009) | Standard Specification for High-Strength Carbon-Manganese Steel of Structural Quality |
| A563-07a | Standard Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Nuts |
| A568/A568M-09a | Standard Specification for Steel, Sheet, Carbon, Structural, and High-Strength, Low-Alloy, Hot-Rolled and Cold-Rolled, General Requirements for |
| A572/A572M-07 | Standard Specification for High Strength Low-Allow Columbium-Vanadium Structural Steel |
| A578/A578M-07 | Standard Specification for Straight-Beam Ultrasonic Examination of Rolled Steel Plates for Special Applications |
| A588/A588M-10 | Standard Specification for High-Strength Low-Alloy Structural Steel, up to 50 ksi [345 MPa] Minimum Yield Point, with Atmospheric Corrosion Resistance |
| A606/A606M-09a | Standard Specification for Steel, Sheet and Strip, High-Strength, Low-Alloy, Hot-Rolled and Cold-Rolled, with Improved Atmospheric Corrosion Resistance |
| A615/A615M-09b | Standard Specification for Deformed and Plain Billet-Steel Bars for Concrete Reinforcement |
| A618/A618M-04(2010) | Standard Specification for Hot-Formed Welded and Seamless High-Strength Low-Alloy Structural Tubing |
| A653/A653M | Specification for Steel Sheet, Zinc-Coated (Galvanized) or Zinc-Iron Alloy-Coated (Galvannealed) by the Hot-Dip Process |
| A668/A668M-04(2009) | Standard Specification for Steel Forgings, Carbon and Alloy, for General Industrial Use |
| A673/A673M-07 | Standard Specification for Sampling Procedure for Impact Testing of Structural Steel |
| A706/A706M-09b | Standard Specification for Low-Alloy Steel Deformed and Plain Bars for Concrete Reinforcement |
| A709/A709M-10 | Standard Specification for Structural Steel for Bridges |
| A751-08 | Standard Test Methods, Practices, and Terminology for Chemical Analysis of Steel Products |
| A759-00(2005) | Standard Specification for Carbon Steel Crane Rails |
| A770/A770M-03(2007) | Standard Specification for Through-Thickness Tension Testing of Steel Plates for Special Applications |
| A780/A780M-09 | Standard Practice for Repair of Damaged and Uncoated Areas of Hot-Dip Galvanized Coatings |
| A786/A786M-00 | Standard Specification for Hot Rolled Carbon, Low Allow, High Strength Low Allow, and Allow Steel Floor Plates |
| A792/A792M-09a | Standard Specification for Steel Sheet, 55 % Aluminum-Zinc Alloy-Coated by the Hot-Dip Process |
| A847/A847M-05 | Standard Specification for Cold-Formed Welded and Seamless High-Strength, Low-Alloy Structural Tubing with Improved Atmospheric Corrosion Resistance |
| A852/A852M-03(2007) | Standard Specification for Quenched and Tempered Low-Alloy Structural Steel Plate with 70 ksi [485 MPa] Minimum Yield Strength to 4 in. [100 mm] Thick |
| A913/A913M-07 | Standard Specification for High-Strength Low-Alloy Steel Shapes of Structural Quality, Produced by Quenching and Self-Tempering Process (QST) |
| A924 | Specification for General Requirements for Steel Sheet, Metallic-Coated by the Hot-Dip Process |
| A941-10a | Standard Terminology Relating to Steel, Stainless Steel, Related Alloys, and Ferroalloys |
| A992/A992/M-03 | Standard Specification for Steel for Structural Shapes |
| A1008/A1008M-10 | Standard Specification for Steel, Sheet, Cold-Rolled, Carbon, Structural, High-Strength Low-Alloy, High-Strength Low-Alloy with Improved Formability, Solution Hardened, and Bake Hardenable |
| A1011/A1011M-10 | Standard Specification for Steel, Sheet and Strip, Hot-Rolled, Carbon, Structural, High- Strength Low-Alloy, High-Strength Low-Alloy with Improved Formability, and Ultra-High Strength |
| A1018/A1018M-10 | Standard Specification for Steel, Sheet and Strip, Heavy-Thickness Coils, Hot-Rolled, Carbon, Commercial, Drawing, Structural, High-Strength Low-Alloy, High-Strength Low-Alloy with Improved Formability, and Ultra-High Strength |
| B695-04(2009) | Standard Specification for Coatings of Zinc Mechanically Deposited on Iron and Steel |
| D4541 | Pull-off Strength of Coating Using Portable Adhesion Testers |
| E84-10b | Standard Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials |
| E94-04(2010) | Standard Guide for Radiographic Examination |
| E119-10b | Standard Test Methods for Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials |
| E165-09 | Standard Practice for Liquid Penetrant Examination for General Industry |
| E329-09 | Standard Specification for Agencies Engaged in Construction, Inspection and/or Testing |
| E709-08 | Standard Guide for Magnetic Particle Testing |
| E1032-06 | Standard Test Method for Radiographic Examination of Weldments |
| F436-09 | Specification for Hardened Steel Washers |
| F606-10 | Standard Test Methods for Determining the Mechanical Properties of Externally and Internally Threaded Fasteners, Washers, Direct Tension Indicators, and Rivets |
| F959-09 | Standard Specification for Compressible-Washer-Type Direct Tension Indicators for Use with Structural Fasteners |
| F1554-07a | Standard Specification for Anchor Bolts, Steel, 36, 55, and 105-ksi Yield Strength |
| F1852-08 | Standard Specification for “Twist Off” Type Tension Control Structural Bolt/Nut/Washer Assemblies, Steel, Heat Treated, 120/105 ksi Minimum Tensile Strength |
| F2280-08e1 | Standard Specification for “Twist Off” Type Tension Control Structural Bolt/Nut/Washer Assemblies, Steel, Heat Treated, 150 ksi Minimum Tensile Strength |
| F2329-05 | Standard Specification for Zinc Coating, Hot-Dip, Requirements for Application to Carbon and Alloy Steel Bolts, Screws, Washers, Nuts, and Special Threaded Fasteners |
| G101-04(2010) | Standard Guide for Estimating the Atmospheric Corrosion Resistance of Low-Alloy Steels |
AWS
American Welding Society
| A2.4:2007 | STANDARD SYMBOLS FOR WELDING, BRAZING, AND NONDESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATION |
| A3.0M/A3.0:2010 | STANDARD WELDING TERMS AND DEFINITIONS; INCLUDING TERMS FOR ADHESIVE BONDING, BRAZING, SOLDERING, THERMAL CUTTING, AND THERMAL SPRAYINGs |
| A5.1/A5.1M:2004 | SPECIFICATION FOR CARBON STEEL ELECTRODES FOR SHIELDED METAL ARC WELDING |
| A5.17/A5.17M-97(R2007) | SPECIFICATION FOR CARBON STEEL ELECTRODES AND FLUXES FOR SUBMERGED ARC WELDING |
| A5.18/A5.18M:2005 | SPECIFICATION FOR CARBON STEEL ELECTRODES AND RODS FOR GAS SHEILDED ARC WELDING |
| A5.20/A5.20M:2005 | CARBON STEEL ELECTRODES FOR FLUX CORED ARC WELDING |
| D1.1/D1.1M:2010 | STRUCTURAL WELDING CODE – STEEL |
| D1.3/D1.3M:2008 | STRUCTURAL WELDING CODE – SHEET STEEL |
| D1.4/D1.4M:2005 | STRUCTURAL WELDING CODE – REINFORCING STEEL |
| D1.5M/D1.5:2010 | BRIDGE WELDING CODE |
| D1.8/D1.8M:2009 | STRUCTURAL WELDING CODE – SEISMIC SUPPLEMENT |
| QC1:2007 | STANDARD FOR AWS CERTIFICATION OF WELDING INSPECTORS |
AWWA
American Water Works Association
| AWWA C200 | Steel Water Pipe – 6 in. (150 mm) and Larger |
ICC
International Code Council
| International Building Code (IBC), 2009 Edition |
| International Mechanical Code (IMC), 2009 Edition |
ISO
International Organization for Standardization
| ISO 834 | Fire-resistance tests — Elements of building construction |
JSA
Japanese Standards Association
| JIS G 3132:2005 | Hot-rolled carbon steel strip for pipes and tubes |
OSHA
Occupational Safety and Health Act
| OSHA Construction Industry Standards: Title 29, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 1926, Safety and Health Regulations for Construction |
NAAMM
National Association of Architectural Metal Manufacturers
| ANSI/NAAMM MBG 531-00 | Metal Bar Grating Manual |
| ANSI/NAAMM MBG 532-00 | Heavy Duty Metal Bar Grating Manual |
NFPA
National Fire Protection Association
| NFPA 80A | Recommended Practice for Protection of Buildings from Exterior Fire Exposures |
| NFPA 220 | Standard on Types of Building Construction |
| NFPA 251 | Standard Methods of Tests of Fire Resistance of Building Construction and Materials |
| NFPA 255 | Standard Method of Test of Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials |
| NFPA 259 | Standard Test Method for Potential Heat of Building Materials |
| NFPA 703 | Standard for Fire-Retardant Treated Wood and Fire-Retardant Coatings for Building Materials |
| NFPA 5000 | Building Construction and Safety Code |
RCSC
Research Council on Structural Connections
| Specification for Structural Joints Using High-Strength Bolts, 2009 Version |
SJI
Steel Joist Institute
| Specification for Open Web Joists |
SSPC
Steel Structures Painting Council
| SSPC Volume 1 Good Painting Practice | |
| SSPC Volume 2 Systems and Specifications | |
| SP-6-07 | Commercial Blast Cleaning |
| SP-8-82 | Pickling Steel Surfaces |
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